Citadel of Erbil

This ancient, oval-shaped fortified settlement is situated on a large tell, or archaeological mound. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2014, the site serves as a historic urban landmark. It is characterized by its elliptical form and currently undergoes extensive restoration projects aimed at preserving its architectural and historical integrity.

The site is considered one of the oldest continuously occupied towns globally. Archaeological evidence indicates a history spanning several millennia, beginning in the Neolithic period. Over the centuries, the settlement has been home to various civilizations, including the Sumerians (an ancient Mesopotamian civilization), the Assyrians (a major Mesopotamian kingdom), the Sassanians (the last pre-Islamic Persian empire), and the Ottomans.

As a significant historical landmark, the citadel represents a layered history of human habitation. Its elevated position on the mound is a result of successive generations building upon the remains of previous structures. The site remains a focal point for understanding the urban development of the area from ancient times through the modern era.