Groenland

Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) has been the sole official language since 2009, and Danish remains widely used in administration, business, and among older residents. English is spoken in hotels, tour operations, and restaurants in the main towns, but far less so in small settlements — a translation app is useful outside Nuuk and Ilulissat. Greenlandic itself is a polysynthetic language with very long compound words, so do not expect to sound out signs or menus; a handful of memorized phrases go a long way.

Mobile coverage is solid within towns but drops out quickly once you leave them — there is no signal on most boat trips, hikes, or dog-sled excursions. Tusass is the main network operator, and prepaid SIM cards are sold in Nuuk and at other town kiosks. For any multi-day trip into the backcountry or along the coast, carry a satellite messenger or rent one locally rather than relying on a phone signal.

Tap water is safe to drink everywhere in Greenland, including in Nuuk, Ilulissat, and Sisimiut. It comes from glacial meltwater and needs no filtering or boiling. Pharmacies and hospitals exist only in the larger towns; smaller settlements may have a nurse or health clinic at most, and serious cases are evacuated by air. Buy travel insurance that explicitly covers medical evacuation — a routine requirement for adventure tourism here, not an optional extra. No special vaccinations are required beyond being up to date on routine ones.

Greenland is part of the Kingdom of Denmark but not part of the Schengen area or the EU. A Schengen visa or residence permit alone does not guarantee entry, so check the specific rules for your nationality before booking. Citizens of the EU, the Nordic countries, the US, Canada, Australia, and many other countries can generally visit visa-free for short tourist stays; others need to apply for a Danish visa valid for Greenland in advance. All visitors need a passport valid for the length of their stay.

Visa and entry requirements change frequently. Verify current requirements with the official immigration authority or your country's embassy before travel.

• Sled dogs are working animals, not pets. Keep your distance from dog teams you pass in town or on the ice — they are not socialized to strangers and can bite.
• Hunting and fishing (seal, whale, muskox) are part of everyday subsistence life in Greenland, not a show for visitors. Ask before photographing a hunter, a catch, or a drying rack of meat or fish.
• Greenlanders are generally reserved with strangers at first but warm up quickly; a quiet nod or greeting goes further than a loud approach.
• Treat Norse ruins and old Inuit settlement sites as you would any historic monument — do not climb on unstable stone walls or take "souvenir" fragments.
• Dress modestly and remove hats when visiting a church, as in the rest of Scandinavia.

• By air: domestic flights and helicopters are the backbone of travel between towns — there is no road or rail network connecting Greenland's settlements. Air Greenland operates most routes; book connections early, as capacity is limited and full flights are common in summer. See Air Greenland.
• By boat: coastal passenger ferries and smaller boats link west-coast towns and villages, especially in summer when the water is open; this is often cheaper than flying and gives close views of the coastline.
• By snowmobile or dog sled: a practical way to travel between some settlements in winter, usually arranged through a local operator or guide rather than independently.

Always build a buffer day or two around any domestic flight or boat connection — Arctic weather causes frequent delays and cancellations.

Greenlandic food centers on what the sea and land provide: seal, whale, muskox, reindeer, and fish, much of it still hunted or caught locally rather than farmed. Suaasat, a simple soup of meat (often seal or whale) with onion and potato thickened with rice or barley, is considered the national dish and turns up on most traditional menus. Mattak — raw whale or narwhal skin and blubber, eaten in thin slices — is a genuine Inuit delicacy worth trying at least once, even if the texture takes some getting used to.

Dried fish, especially capelin (ammassat) and cod, is a common snack sold at markets and eaten on the go, much like dried meat snacks in other countries. Restaurants in Nuuk and Ilulissat increasingly pair these traditional ingredients with New Nordic technique, so muskox steak or Arctic char can appear as a refined plate as easily as a home-style stew. To finish a meal, Greenlandic coffee is a theatrical after-dinner tradition: coffee mixed with whiskey, Kahlúa, and Grand Marnier, topped with whipped cream, and set alight at the table before drinking.

West coast: Nuuk, the capital, is Greenland's largest town and main gateway, with the country's only real urban life, museums, and restaurants. North along the coast, Ilulissat Icefjord is Greenland's best-known natural sight — a UNESCO World Heritage fjord where the Sermeq Kujalleq glacier calves some of the largest icebergs in the Northern Hemisphere, right next to the town of Ilulissat. Nearby Disko Island offers dramatic basalt cliffs and hiking with far fewer visitors. Sisimiut, Greenland's second-largest town, is a good base for dog sledding and cross-country travel.

South Greenland: around Qaqortoq and Narsarsuaq, the landscape turns greener, with sheep farms, milder summers, and the ruined stone churches and farmsteads left by Norse settlers a thousand years ago.

East Greenland: centered on Tasiilaq, this is the most remote and dramatic region, with steep mountains dropping straight into fjords choked with drift ice.

Wild interior: the Greenland ice sheet covers about 80% of the island and is reachable on short excursions from Kangerlussuaq, while Northeast Greenland National Park — the largest national park on Earth — protects the remote, uninhabited far north.