Ireland

English is the main everyday language. Irish (Gaelic) is the first official language and is taught in schools, but it is the daily language of only a small share of the population, mostly in western coastal areas known as the Gaeltacht. Road signs are bilingual throughout the country.

Prepaid SIM and eSIM plans from Three, Vodafone, or eir are easy to buy at the airport or phone shops. Mobile coverage is reliable in cities and large towns, but can be patchy along the west coast and in mountainous areas — download offline maps before a rural road trip.

Tap water is safe to drink throughout Ireland. Pharmacies are common in towns and cities, and larger ones keep extended hours; a rotating late-night pharmacy covers most areas outside normal hours. No special vaccinations are required for entry.

Ireland is a member of the European Union but is not part of the Schengen Area — it keeps its own border and visa rules, shared with the UK under the Common Travel Area. Citizens of the EU/EEA, the United States, Canada, Australia, and many other countries can enter for tourism without a visa for up to 90 days. Travelers from countries without a visa-waiver agreement need an Irish visa, applied for in advance — a separate application from any Schengen visa, even if the trip also includes other EU countries.

Visa and entry requirements change frequently. Verify current requirements with the official immigration authority or your country's embassy before travel.

Irish social culture is informal and conversational — small talk with shopkeepers, taxi drivers, and people in a queue is normal and expected. In pubs, it is customary to buy "rounds": if you are in a group, each person takes a turn buying drinks for everyone. Punctuality is more relaxed than in much of Northern Europe; arriving a few minutes late to an informal meetup is not considered rude.

Public holidays affect transport schedules and rural opening hours more than city ones. Saint Patrick's Day, on March 17, is a major national holiday with parades in most towns. Many rural shops and pubs still close early on Sundays.

• By train: Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail) connects Dublin with the main cities, but coverage thins out toward the west and southwest coasts. Check timetables and book at Irish Rail.
• By bus: Bus Éireann and private coach operators cover many towns the rail network misses, including much of the Wild Atlantic Way route.
• By car: A car is the most practical way to reach rural sights, small villages, and the west coast at your own pace; rural roads are often narrow and winding.
• By air: Domestic flights exist between Dublin and a few regional airports, but are rarely necessary given the country's size.

A full Irish breakfast — eggs, sausage, bacon, black and white pudding, and toast — is a weekend staple and common on hotel breakfast menus. Irish stew (lamb or beef with potatoes and root vegetables) and soda bread are classic comfort dishes, alongside boxty (a potato pancake) and colcannon (mashed potato with cabbage or kale).

Seafood chowder is common along the coast, reflecting Ireland's fishing traditions. Guinness and other stouts are closely tied to pub culture, alongside a growing craft beer and whiskey-distilling scene. Pubs are as much a social gathering place as somewhere to eat or drink, often hosting live traditional music sessions in the evening.

Dublin is the capital and largest city, with a compact center that includes Trinity College, the Guinness Storehouse, and a lively pub scene. Cork, the second city, is a good base for exploring the south coast, including Cork Harbour and the towns around it.

Galway, on the west coast, is known for its arts and music scene and is the main gateway to Connemara and the Aran Islands. Limerick sits on the River Shannon and is a common base for visiting the Cliffs of Moher and the Wild Atlantic Way.

Kilkenny is a small medieval city known for its castle and narrow historic streets, and Waterford, Ireland's oldest city, is known for its Viking-era history and crystal-making tradition.